Embedded system - Wikipedia. Bad Disk Hard Repair Sector Software Testing here. An embedded system is a computersystem with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real- time computing constraints.

Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them significantly more difficult to program and to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond those available. CPU's with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces). In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialised in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP). Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.

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Some embedded systems are mass- produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. History. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight.

An early mass- produced embedded system was the Autonetics D- 1. Minuteman missile, released in 1. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1.

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D- 1. 7 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high- volume use of integrated circuits. Since these early applications in the 1. An early microprocessor for example, the Intel 4. In 1. 97. 8 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a . By the early 1. 98. Microcontrollers find applications where a general- purpose computer would be too costly. A comparatively low- cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components.

Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor. Applications. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data. Consumer electronics include MP3 players, mobile phones, videogame consoles, digital cameras, GPS receivers, and printers.

Household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season.

Home automation uses wired- and wireless- networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling. Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors — brushless DC motors, induction motors and DC motors — use electric/electronic motor controllers. Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems include anti- lock braking system (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four- wheel drive.

Medical equipment uses embedded systems for vital signs monitoring, electronic stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET, SPECT, CT, and MRI) for non- invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems within medical equipment are often powered by industrial computers.

In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self- sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems. A new class of miniature wireless devices called motes are networked wireless sensors. Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through IT monitoring and control systems. Download Spider Solitaire Windows 8 Free. These motes are completely self- contained, and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need to be changed or charged. Embedded Wi- Fi modules provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device which communicates via a serial port. Characteristics. Some also have real- time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music.

They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non- existent keyboard or screen. User interface. Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, graphic or character LCDs (HD4.

LCD for example) with a simple menu system. More sophisticated devices which use a graphical screen with touch sensing or screen- edge buttons provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what is desired. Handheld systems often have a screen with a . RS- 2. 32, USB, I. Ethernet) connection.

This approach gives several advantages: extends the capabilities of embedded system, avoids the cost of a display, simplifies BSP and allows one to build a rich user interface on the PC. A good example of this is the combination of an embedded web server running on an embedded device (such as an IP camera) or a network router.

The user interface is displayed in a web browser on a PC connected to the device, therefore needing no software to be installed. Processors in embedded systems. Ordinary microprocessors (.

Microcontrollers (. In contrast to the personal computer market, many different basic CPU architectures are used, since software is custom- developed for an application and is not a commodity product installed by the end user.

Both Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard architectures are used. RISC as well as non- RISC processors are found. Word lengths vary from 4- bit to 6. Most architectures come in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured by several different companies. Numerous microcontrollers have been developed for embedded systems use. General- purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally require more support circuitry than microcontrollers. Ready made computer boards.

These are often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/1. They often use DOS, Linux, Net.

BSD, or an embedded real- time operating system such as Micro. C/OS- II, QNX or Vx. Works. Sometimes these boards use non- x. In certain applications, where small size or power efficiency are not primary concerns, the components used may be compatible with those used in general purpose x. Boards such as the VIA EPIA range help to bridge the gap by being PC- compatible but highly integrated, physically smaller or have other attributes making them attractive to embedded engineers. The advantage of this approach is that low- cost commodity components may be used along with the same software development tools used for general software development.

Systems built in this way are still regarded as embedded since they are integrated into larger devices and fulfill a single role. Examples of devices that may adopt this approach are ATMs and arcade machines, which contain code specific to the application. However, most ready- made embedded systems boards are not PC- centered and do not use the ISA or PCI buses.

When a system- on- a- chip processor is involved, there may be little benefit to having a standarized bus connecting discrete components, and the environment for both hardware and software tools may be very different. One common design style uses a small system module, perhaps the size of a business card, holding high density BGA chips such as an ARM- based system- on- a- chip processor and peripherals, external flash memory for storage, and DRAM for runtime memory. The module vendor will usually provide boot software and make sure there is a selection of operating systems, usually including Linux and some real time choices. These modules can be manufactured in high volume, by organizations familiar with their specialized testing issues, and combined with much lower volume custom mainboards with application- specific external peripherals.

Implementation of embedded systems have advanced, embedded systems can easily be implemented with already made boards which are based on worldwide accepted platform.